{"id":2973,"date":"2010-12-07T18:16:20","date_gmt":"2010-12-07T17:16:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ch.ic.ac.uk\/rzepa\/blog\/?p=2973"},"modified":"2010-12-07T18:16:20","modified_gmt":"2010-12-07T17:16:20","slug":"antiaromaticity-avoided-a-tutorial-example","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/?p=2973","title":{"rendered":"(anti)aromaticity avoided: a tutorial example"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

More inspiration from tutorials. In a lecture on organic aromaticity, the 4n+2\/4n H\u00fcckel rule was introduced (in fact, neither rule appears to have actually been coined in this form by H\u00fcckel himself!). The simplest examples are respectively the cyclopropenyl cation and anion. The former has 2 \u03c0-electrons exhibiting cyclic delocalisation, and the 4n+2 (n=0) rule predicts aromaticity. Accordingly, all three C-C distances are the same<\/a> (1.363\u00c5<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Cyclopropenium cation and anion<\/p><\/div>\n

The anion however appears to have 4 \u03c0-electrons, and must therefore belong to the 4n (n=1) rule and exhibit antiaromaticity. Pretty straight forward thus far. But students have a knack of asking apparently simple, but quite thought provoking questions. This one was “does one count lone pairs of electrons<\/em>“? Perhaps a different way of putting it would be “does the lone pair really count as \u03c0-electrons<\/em>?”<\/p>\n

So, time for a calculation. Well, it turns out there are two isomers of the anion. The first<\/a> has two C-C bond lengths of 1.383\u00c5 and one of 1.841\u00c5; two short and one (very) long. Moreover, the whole system is very much non planar.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Cyclopropenium anion, first isomer<\/p><\/div>\n

This isomer turns out to be really a 4\u03c0-allyl anion in disguise. To avoid any danger of cyclic conjugation (and hence antiaromaticity), the groups at the end of the allyl fragment rotate. So yes, this IS<\/strong> a 4\u03c0-electron system, but the molecule has cleverly distorted to avoid antiaromaticity as best it can.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Cyclopropenium anion. Isomer 2.<\/p><\/div>\n

What about the second isomer?\u00a0This now<\/a> has one short (1.293\u00c5) and two long (1.598\u00c5) C-C lengths. The carbon bearing the two long bonds is now highly non planar. It is best described as an isolated double bond (2 \u03c0-electrons) trying to get as far away as possible, and to avoid as much overlap as it can, with a lone pair (NOT \u03c0) on the third carbon. Now, the lone pair really does NOT count, since it is too far from the other 2 \u03c0-electrons, and inclined at the wrong angle, to overlap effectively with them. The two isomers are almost the same in energy (the first being the lower in free energy by ~1 kcal\/mol).<\/p>\n

So what kind of answer would one give to the inquisitive tutee? Firstly, as the name implies, antiaromaticity is not good for a molecule. If it possibly can, it will avoid it. For the cyclopropenium anion, there are two quite effective ways of avoiding antiaromaticity. It is not, as a result, actually a good example of an antiaromatic system. Because molecules can be very clever at avoiding antiaromaticity, remarkably few examples<\/a> of genuine antiaromatics actually exist!<\/p>\n

I end with another way of looking at this problem using group theory. The cyclopropenium cation has D3h<\/sub> symmetry, and the LUMO (lowest unoccupied) molecule orbital in fact belongs to the E”<\/strong> irreducible representation. This means it is doubly degenerate. To form the anion from it, two electrons must be placed in one of these orbitals (but unless an open shell is formed, one cannot place one electron in each). Whichever orbital receives the two electrons is now stabilised, the degeneracy must break, and the resulting geometry must reflect this. The two symmetry-broken geometries are precisely those shown above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"

Cyclopropenium cation, E" LUMO orbital 11. Click for 3D<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n

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Cyclopropenium cation, E" LUMO orbital 12. Click for 3D<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

More inspiration from tutorials. In a lecture on organic aromaticity, the 4n+2\/4n H\u00fcckel rule was introduced (in fact, neither rule appears to have actually been coined in this form by H\u00fcckel himself!). The simplest examples are respectively the cyclopropenyl cation and anion. The former has 2 \u03c0-electrons exhibiting cyclic delocalisation, and the 4n+2 (n=0) rule […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[147,164,192,1526,300,1527],"class_list":["post-2973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-interesting-chemistry","tag-energy","tag-free-energy","tag-huckel","tag-interesting-chemistry","tag-pretty-straight-forward","tag-tutorial-material"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1gPyz-LX","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2973","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2973"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2973\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2973"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2973"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rzepa.net\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2973"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}