In the last few posts, I have explored the anomeric effect as it occurs at an atom centre X. Here I try to summarise the atoms for which the effect is manifest in crystal structures.
The effect is defined by X bearing two substituents, one of which Z is a centre bearing a “lone pair” of electrons (or two electrons in a π-bond), and another Y in which the X-Y bond has a low-lying acceptor or σ* empty orbital into which the lone pair can be donated. This donation will only occur if the Z-lone pair and the X-Y bond vectors align antiperiplanar. Here is the summary so far.
| X | Blog entry |
|---|---|
| B | 16601 |
| C | 14508,8898 |
| N | this one |
| O | 16646 |
| Si | 16601 |
| P | 16601 |
| S | this one |
As required of a good periodic table, it has gaps that need completing, in this case X=N and X=S. Firstly N, for which the small molecule below is known (FUHFAP).
A ωB97XD/Def2-TZVPP calculation[1] yields an electron density distribution, which can be collected into monosynaptic basins using the ELF technique. There are two oxygen lone pairs (17 and 20) that are close to antiperiplanar to the adjacent N-O bond, having E(2) interaction energies obtained using the NBO method of 15.1 and 15.8 kcal/mol, typical of the anomeric range. The basin labelled 13 on X=N1 below is also perfectly aligned antiperiplanar with the adjacent O3-C2 bond, but its E(2) interaction energy is only 7.3 kcal/mol. Thus a strong anomeric interaction on the anomeric atom itself does not seem to occur. The same effect was noted for X=O in the previous post; the explanation remains unidentified.
With the X=S gap, we have lots of opportunity with polysulfide compounds, a good example of which is the C2-symmetric and helical S8 dianion TEGWAF[2]
Each of the 8 sulfur atoms exhibits antiperiplanar orientation of an S lone pair with an adjacent S-S acceptor σ* orbital;
1:2-3=23.7 kcal/mol;
2:3-4=18.5;
3:4-8=11.7, 3:2-1=7.4;
4:8-7=11.4, 4:3-2=9.2.
This just surveys the central main group elements, and it is possible that this little mini-periodic table may yet grow.
References
- H.S. Rzepa, "C 2 H 7 N 1 O 2", 2016. https://doi.org/10.14469/ch/195294
- Rybak, W.K.., Cymbaluk, A.., Skonieczny, J.., and Siczek, M.., "CCDC 880780: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination", 2012. https://doi.org/10.5517/ccykj88
This compares to the carbon-anomeric plot which is shown here for comparison, where the top right cluster of 180° torsions contains proportionately few hits than with boron.
The next centre is at 4-coordinate silicon. Again three significant clusters are seen; one with two antiperiplanar lone pair alignments with Si-O bonds, and two more with just one such alignment. The previous hotspot for which both measured torsions were 180° is largely absent. So here, the anomeric effect is much stronger. Notice also that whereas the torsions in the region of 60° for the carbon centre lie along a ridge coincident with the diagonal (bottom left to top right), that for the silicon centre show a ridge running orthogonal to the diagonal. An interesting point to follow up perhaps?
So this little exploration shows that the anomeric effect, best known for sugars and at a carbon centre, is in fact more general to the adjacent elements.